Arnold Toynbee as a Process Thinker and Historian

* Article: ARNOLD TOYNBEE AND THE PROCESS OF CIVILIZATIONS. By Daniel A. Dombrowski. Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, vol. 17, no. 3, 2021

URL = https://cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/966/1627

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From the abstract

"It will serve us well, I think, to reconsider a thinker who thought long and hard about the rise and fall of civilizations in the past, Arnold Toynbee. It will be the purpose of the present article to argue for the claim that Toynbee can be fruitfully seen as a process thinker who was specifically concerned with the dramatic changes that have occurred historically to various civilizations around the globe. In this regard, he is in many ways a philosopher or historian of civilization, much like Alfred North Whitehead, Henri Bergson, and Teilhard de Chardin, all of whom are cited favorably by Toynbee. He is also similar to the process philosopher Charles Hartshorne in this regard. I will claim that Toynbee can provide valuable insight to us at this moment in history."